Cardiology and Cardiovascular Therapeutics

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. CVD includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, abnormal heart rhythms, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.

A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely.

Pediatric cardiologists specialize in diagnosing and treating heart problems in children. In those children who might need heart surgery, pediatric cardiologists work closely with pediatric heart surgeons to determine the best treatments and interventions. A number of heart conditions can affect children. Some are structural differences they are born with. Others involve the electrical system that controls the heartbeat. Pediatric cardiologists are specially trained to diagnose and manage these problems.

Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting); to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. In some cases, the heart can't fill with enough blood. In other cases, the heart can't pump blood to the rest of the body with enough force. Some people have both problems. Heart failure develops over time as the heart's pumping action grows weaker. The condition can affect the right side of the heart only, or it can affect both sides of the heart. Most cases involve both sides of the heart. Heart failure is a very common condition. About 5.7 million people in the United States have heart failure. Both children and adults can have the condition, although the symptoms and treatments differ. The Health Topic focuses on heart failure in adults.

Many cardiac devices are designed to help control irregular heartbeats in people with heart rhythm disorders. These irregularities are caused by problems with the heart’s electrical system, which signals the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

Cardiac nursing is a nursing specialty that works with patients who suffer from various conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses help treat conditions such as unstable angina, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and cardiac dysrhythmia under the direction of a cardiologist. Cardiac nurses perform postoperative care on a surgical unit, stress test evaluations, cardiac monitoring, vascular monitoring, and health assessments. Cardiac nurses must have Basic Life Support and Advanced Cardiac Life Support certification. In addition, cardiac nurses must possess specialized skills including electrocardiogram monitoring, defibrillation, and medication administration by continuous intravenous drip. Cardiac nurses work in many different environments, including coronary care units (CCU), cardiac catheterization, intensive care units (ICU), operating theatres, cardiac rehabilitation centers, clinical research, cardiac surgery wards, cardiovascular intensive care units (CVICU), and cardiac medical wards.

A heart transplant, or a cardiac transplant, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease when other medical or surgical treatments have failed. As of 2018, the most common procedure is to take a functioning heart, with or without transplanting one or both lungs at the same time, from a recently deceased organ donor (brain death is the standard) and implanting it into the patient. The patient's own heart is either removed or replaced with the donor heart (orthotopic procedure) or, much less commonly, the recipient's diseased heart is left in place to support the donor heart (heterotopic, or "piggyback", transplant procedure).

A case report on Cardiology gives an appropriate convention for all cardiologists by rendering their important clinical cases of late occurrence. Studying from medical cases provides valuable experience for clinicians, students and paramedical staff -members. Rare medical reports and conditions discovered through the latest methods of examination are energized. Moreover, studying diagnostic methods from medical cases and the interpretation of symptoms is significant to train and burgeon the thought processes which are being used in the clinical field.

Cardiovascular diseases as well as heart condition, arrhythmias and high blood pressure, is that the leading reason for morbidity and mortality globally. The prevention diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There are a unit various devastating conditions touching the centre and blood vessels, resulting in high demand for vas medicine. Cardiology disorders embrace in arteria diseases, heart failure and congenital heart defects.

Cardiology is a branch of medicine that share out with diseases and abnormalities of the heart . The field also involve medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, heart failure, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians who particularize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a department of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called as cardiac surgeons, a department of general surgery.

Invasive cardiology uses open or minimally invasive surgery to identify electrical malformation or treat structural within the heart structure. When plaque clogs your arteries, it becomes hard for blood to flow normally. Angioplasty inserts a very small balloon into your clogged vein and pushes plaque against the walls, allowing for higher blood flow. Stenting is usually done in conjunction with angioplasty. A cardiac stent is a tiny metal coil which permanently holds a clogged vein open.

• Angioplasty


•  Stenting

Non-invasive cardiology recognizes heart problems with not using any fluids, needles or other instruments which are inserted into the body. Nuclear cardiology is a non-invasive study of cardiovascular abnormalities by means of various kinds of imaging which may use radioactive elements. Echocardiograph is the utilization of ultrasound waves to generate images of the heart and nearby structures in order to identify how good the heart pumps blood, infections, and structural abnormalities. Cardiac electrophysiology is the study and examining of the electrical currents which generate heartbeats. Stress tests normally involve exercise which is observed by our cardiologist. These exercises provide our cardiologist particulars about how our heart performs under physical stress. Heart monitors may also be called a Holter monitor or cardiac event recorder. Heart monitors are originally tape recorders for our heart electrical activity over a set amount of time. CT scans produce images which our cardiologist can inspect for heart disease and atherosclerosis.Echocardiography

• Cardiac electrophysiology


• Stress tests


• Heart monitors


• CT scans

Numerous prominent electrophysiological variations have been noted between the sexes. By 5 years of age, girls have a higher heart rate than do boys, which might be explained by a shorter sinus node refractory time. The shorter QT interval in men is cited for the duration of puberty, as intercourse hormone degrees upward push. The length of the QT interval in men increases linearly through adulthood until the age of 50, when it becomes similar to that of women, which correlates with the decrease in androgen levels. Furthermore, QRS amplitude and duration are greater in men, consequent to a higher cardiac mass and thicker left ventricular walls Effects of Sex Hormones 

• Atrial Fibrillation

Atherosclerosis is a disease wherein the interior of an artery narrows due to the increase of plaque. to begin with, there are normally no symptoms. whilst severe, it may result in coronary artery disorder, stroke, peripheral artery disease, or kidney problems relying on the arteries which might be affected. 

Critical cardiac care which is also called coronary care unit is a sanatorium ward specialized inside the care of patients with heart attacks, risky angina, cardiac dysrhythmia and  diverse different cardiac conditions that require non-stop tracking and treatment or first aid treatment until the health practitioner comes. There also are gadgets available in the hospitals to attend to the emergency state of affairs. The Cardiac intensive care unit(CICU) is a specialized ICU dealing with cardiac patients and is normally staffed via cardiologists. It gives critical care workforce mainly skilled in acute coronary syndromes and has additional technology like intra-aortic balloon pumps and so forth.

A physician may additionally advocate cardiac imaging to aid a prognosis of a coronary heart situation. scientific speciality expert businesses discourage the usage of ordinary cardiac imaging during pre-operative evaluation for patients approximately to undergo low or mid-risk non-cardiac surgical treatment because the method carries risks and is not going to result in the change of a patient management. pressure cardiac imaging is discouraged within the assessment of patients without cardiac signs and symptoms or in routine observe-ups.

Cardiology conferences contains the current research in cardiology comprises the new innovative methods that are coming in cardiology related field.Statin therapy

• Thrombolytic therapy


• Cardiac rehabilitation


• 3-D imaging


• Wearable technologies


• Wireless technologies and biosensors 


• Percutaneous mitral valve repair devices


• 3-D bioprinting

Cardiac regeneration is repair or replacement of damaged heart tissue with techniques such as cutting-edge science, including stem cell  and cell-free therapy. The tools which are used have been engineered to restore damaged heart tissue and function using the body's natural ability to regenerate. Working together, patients and providers are finding regenerative solutions that restore, renew and recycle patients' own reparative capacity.